IELTS PREDICTION TEST

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Listening to The Ocean
The results of some recent research answer some long-standing questions
A.    The oceans cover more than 70 per cent of the planet’s surface, yet until quite recently we knew less about their depths than about the surface of the Moon. The Moon has been far more accessible to study because astronomers have long been able to look at its surface, first with the naked eye and then with the telescope, both instruments that focus light. Until the twentieth century, however, no instruments were available for the study of Earth’s oceans: light, which can travel trillions of kilometers through the vast vacuum of space, cannot penetrate very far in seawater.
B.    It turns out that for penetrating water the best instrument is sound. Curious investigators have long been fascinated by sound and the way it travels in water. As early as 1490, the artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci observed: ‘If you cause your ship to stop and place the head of a long tube in the water and place the outer extremity to your ear, you will hear ships at a great distance from you.’ It was not until 1826 that two scientists, Colladon and Sturm, accurately measured the speed of sound in water. Using a long tube to listen under water (as da Vinci had suggested), they recorded how fast the sound of a submerged bell traveled across Lake Geneva in Switzerland. What these investigators demonstrated was that water is an excellent medium for sound, transmitting it almost five times faster than its speed in air.
C.   A number of factors influence how far sound travels under water and how long it lasts, including particles, salinity, temperature and pressure. Particles in seawater can reflect, scatter and absorb certain frequencies of sound, just as certain wavelengths of light may be reflected, scattered and absorbed by specific types of particles in the atmosphere. In 1943, Maurice Ewing and J L Worzel conducted an experiment to test the theory that low-frequency waves, which are less vulnerable than higher frequencies to scattering and absorption, should be able to travel great distances, if the sound source is placed correctly. The researchers set off an underwater explosion and learned that it was detected easily by receivers 3,200 kilometers away. In analyzing the results of this test, they discovered a kind of sound pipeline, known as the deep sound channel. Sound introduced into this channel of water could travel thousands of kilometers with minimal loss of signal.
D. The US Navy was quick to appreciate the usefulness of low-frequency sound and the deep sound channel. They developed the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which involved underwater microphones, called hydrophones, that were placed on the ocean bottom and connected by cables to onshore processing centers. It was Christopher Clark of Cornell University who soon realised that SOSUS could be used to listen to whales. Using a SOSUS receiver in the West Indies, he could hear whales that were 1,770 kilometers away.
E.   Whales are the biggest of Earth’s creatures, yet these animals are r also remarkably elusive. Scientists wishing to observe blue whales must simply wait in their ships for the whales to surface. A few whales have been tracked briefly in the wild in this way but not for very great distances, and much about them remains unknown. But by using SOSUS, scientists can track the whales and position them on a map. Moreover, they can track not just one whale at a time, but many creatures simultaneously. They can also learn to distinguish whale calls; researchers have detected changes in the calls of finback whales as the seasons change, and have found that blue whales in different regions of the Pacific Ocean have different calls.
F.   SOSUS has also proved instrumental in obtaining information crucial to our understanding of climate. The system has enabled researchers to begin making ocean temperature measurements on a global scale, measurements that are key to understanding the workings of heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere. The ocean plays an enormous role in determining air temperature – the heat capacity in only the upper few meters of ocean is thought to be equal to all of the heat in the entire atmosphere. For sound waves traveling horizontally in the ocean, speed is largely a function of temperature. Thus, the travel time of a wave of sound between two points is a sensitive indicator of the average temperature along its path. Transmitting sound in numerous directions through the deep sound channel can give scientists measurements spanning vast areas of the globe. Thousands of sound paths in the ocean can be pieced together into a map of global ocean temperatures, and by repeating measurements along the same paths over time, scientists can track changes in temperature over months or years.
G.    Researchers are also using other acoustic techniques to monitor climate. Oceanographer Jeff Nystuen, for example, has explored the use of sound to measure rainfall over the ocean. Monitoring changing global rainfall patterns will contribute to understanding major climate change as well as the weather phenomenon known as El Nifto. Since 1985, Nystuen has used hydrophones to listen to rain over the ocean, acoustically measuring not only the rainfall rate but also the rainfall type, ranging from drizzle to thunderstorms. By using the sound of rain under water as a ‘natural’ rain gauge, the measurement of rainfall over the oceans will become available to climatologists. In this way, modern society continues to benefit from the investigations of those who, like Leonardo da Vinci, pursued the answers to some basic questions of nature.
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1. In the past, it was easier for scientists to study the Moon than the oceans. — {TRUE}
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Trích dẫn: “The Moon has been far more accessible to study because astronomers have long been able to look at its surface… light… cannot penetrate very far in seawater.” (Đoạn A)
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Giải thích: Mặt trăng dễ tiếp cận hơn vì có thể dùng mắt thường hoặc kính thiên văn để quan sát bằng ánh sáng, trong khi ánh sáng không thể đi xa trong nước biển.
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2. Techniques for investigating the Moon are the same as techniques for researching the ocean. — {FALSE}
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Trích dẫn: “…astronomers have long been able to look at its surface… using instruments that focus light… it turns out that for penetrating water the best instrument is sound.” (Đoạn A &amp; B)
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Giải thích: Nghiên cứu Mặt trăng dùng ánh sáng (light), còn nghiên cứu đại dương dùng âm thanh (sound). Đây là hai kỹ thuật hoàn toàn khác nhau.
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3. Measuring temperature changes in the ocean using sound is more time-consuming than other methods. — {NOT GIVEN}
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Trích dẫn: “Thus, the travel time of a wave of sound… is a sensitive indicator of the average temperature along its path.” (Đoạn F)
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Giải thích: Bài đọc nói về việc dùng âm thanh để đo nhiệt độ, nhưng không hề so sánh xem phương pháp này có tốn thời gian hơn các phương pháp khác hay không.
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4. Hydrophones can distinguish different kinds of rain. — {TRUE}
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Trích dẫn: “…Nystuen has used hydrophones… acoustically measuring not only the rainfall rate but also the rainfall type, ranging from drizzle to thunderstorms.” (Đoạn G)
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Giải thích: Máy thu âm dưới nước (hydrophones) có thể phân biệt được các loại mưa từ mưa phùn đến bão kèm sấm sét.
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Questions 1-4

5. Examples of things that affect the distance sound can travel in water. — {C}
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Trích dẫn: “A number of factors influence how far sound travels under water… including particles, salinity, temperature and pressure.” (Đoạn C)
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6. Details of the connection between ocean temperatures and climate. — {F}
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Trích dẫn: “…obtain information crucial to our understanding of climate. The system has enabled researchers to begin making ocean temperature measurements on a global scale…” (Đoạn F)
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7. Details of ways in which light and sound are similar. — {C}
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Trích dẫn: “Particles in seawater can reflect, scatter and absorb certain frequencies of sound, just as certain wavelengths of light may be reflected, scattered and absorbed…” (Đoạn C)
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Giải thích: Đoạn C so sánh sự tương đồng giữa âm thanh và ánh sáng khi cả hai đều bị phản xạ, tán xạ và hấp thụ bởi các hạt phân tử.
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8. A reference to a long-term study of different types of weather. — {G}
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Trích dẫn: “Since 1985, Nystuen has used hydrophones to listen to rain over the ocean… ranging from drizzle to thunderstorms.” (Đoạn G)
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Giải thích: Khoảng thời gian từ 1985 đến nay là dài hạn (long-term) và các loại mưa chính là các loại hình thời tiết (weather).
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Questions 5-8

9. Who conducted research into the rate at which sound travels in water? — {B: Colladon and Sturm}
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Trích dẫn: “It was not until 1826 that two scientists, Colladon and Sturm, accurately measured the speed of sound in water.” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: “Rate” ở đây đồng nghĩa với “speed” (tốc độ).
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10. Who conducted research into the distances certain types of sound waves travel in water? — {C: Ewing and Worzel}
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Trích dẫn: “In 1943, Maurice Ewing and J L Worzel conducted an experiment to test the theory that low-frequency waves… should be able to travel great distances…” (Đoạn C)
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11. SOSUS allows whale researchers to — {A} follow a number of whales at the same time.
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Trích dẫn: “…they can track not just one whale at a time, but many creatures simultaneously.” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: “Many creatures simultaneously” tương ứng với “a number of whales at the same time”.
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12. Finback whale calls change — {B} at different times of year.
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Trích dẫn: “…researchers have detected changes in the calls of finback whales as the seasons change…” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: “Seasons change” tương ứng với “different times of year”.
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13. SOSUS allows scientists to — {D} measure variations in temperature.
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Trích dẫn: “…scientists can track changes in temperature over months or years.” (Đoạn F)
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Giải thích: “Variations” đồng nghĩa với “changes”.
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Questions 9-13

PASSAGE 1

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American businesses aim to support employees and their families
A   Companies of all sizes in the US recognize the importance of family-friendly policies, thanks in large part to the increasing number of people-centered entrepreneurs and company CEOs. Many of these go into business themselves as a result of negative experiences they have had in the workplace. So says Jennifer West, Managing Director of the Ohio-based Business Research Center, a non-profit organization dedicated to studying work–life balance. ‘Taking a people-centered view is a good recruitment and retention strategy,’ says West. ‘Employers who care about their employees and help them grow take into account the full range of issues and the external pressures that employees have and change things so that people can manage their lives. These considerations are a conscious part of how people-centered bosses organize their practices and strategies.’
B   One employer who exemplifies this philosophy is Stephen Harper, co-owner and CEO of Plastic Solutions in California. His company manufactures custom plastics, mainly for medical devices, and offers engineering solutions for other plastics needs. Harper believes in having employees who understand the business. That’s why every two weeks, when his employees receive their salary, they also get an update about the company, including who their new customers are, what successes they’ve had, and what challenges they are facing. Harper also includes a ‘coaching’ section. This addresses issues like gossip, which employees sometimes indulge in around the water cooler or the rest rooms, and which can negatively impact on the morale of staff. He encourages people to work their way up in the company, and pays, at least partially, for educational opportunities and textbooks. His employees line up to attend his monthly invitation-only Business Pragmatics seminar, in which communication and other vital skills are taught, along with ethics and workplace morals and philosophy. The structure of his company is very family-friendly, and includes a regular Open House day for employees’ families where, among other things, kids can experiment with the company’s machines that manufacture their products and so on. The Harper philosophy pays off. Attrition at the company is low, and many employees remain with the company for much of their career.
C   In Vermont, the Margaret Mills Corporation also strives to be people-centered. It is a third generation, family-run business that sells children’s wooden toys internationally, and the company’s founder (Margaret Mills) understood all too well the challenges of raising a family while running a business. Like many other like-minded companies, the Margaret Mills Corporation offers liberal leave, flexi-time, good health and retirement packages, and other benefits. The corporation also allows workers to have their children dropped off when school is over, or to spend time with them during the vacations. Annual Christmas and summer parties are standard, and this year, to celebrate an especially strong performance, the company took all employees and their families on a 2-day trip to Montreal, Canada. Says Victor Davies, Human Resources Director, ‘We enable employees to maintain equilibrium between work and home, a policy which ultimately results in a more productive and stable workforce.’ It works – this year the company will celebrate six 5-year anniversaries, and one 25-year anniversary among its employees.
D   For Hazel Gibbs, CEO of Disposal Systems Inc. in Houston, Texas, a waste disposal and environmental cleanup and consultancy firm, the bottom line is keeping her business going. But she realizes that it takes a certain kind of mutuality to do that. ‘I’m not altruistic,’ she says, ‘but if everyone understands what it takes to be in business, that’s good for all of us.’ That’s why she works hard to ensure that everyone, from managers to workers, realizes that they count. ‘It’s not about “us” and “them”; we are a team,’ Gibbs says. ‘When our employees understand what it takes to keep the business going, then it works and we can accommodate each other’s needs.’ Despite this, Gibbs sometimes struggles with being taken seriously. She sees this as a long-term challenge. ‘Working mothers still need to be taken more seriously, and so do mothers who are business owners.’ She has two children of her own to think about.
E   Family-friendly entrepreneurs are becoming more commonplace internationally, and they clearly influence those companies which have so far been slow to accommodate employee needs. According to West, it is already possible to document the dwindling workforces of these latter businesses, or the migration of labor to more family-friendly ones. What is more, parents are important consumers and investors who can change buying practices. Further, in the public policy arena, multinational corporations and aid agencies are beginning to recognize the need to integrate social and economic policy and practice. Family-friendly employers are creating a groundswell of awareness that can only result in changing business practices. And as Hazel Gibbs says, when that happens, ‘you’ve got it working.’
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14. A description of a company that provides financial assistance for employees to continue their learning — {B}
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Trích dẫn: “…pays, at least partially, for educational opportunities and textbooks.” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: Công ty Plastic Solutions của Stephen Harper hỗ trợ một phần chi phí giáo dục và sách giáo khoa cho nhân viên.
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15. A mention of worldwide trends in the changing attitudes of businesses and customers — {E}
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Trích dẫn: “Family-friendly entrepreneurs are becoming more commonplace internationally… parents are important consumers and investors who can change buying practices.” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: Đoạn E nói về xu hướng quốc tế (worldwide trends) và vai trò của khách hàng (consumers) trong việc thay đổi hành vi mua sắm dựa trên chính sách gia đình của doanh nghiệp.
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16. Details about years of continuous service by employees at one company — {C}
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Trích dẫn: “…this year the company will celebrate six 5-year anniversaries, and one 25-year anniversary among its employees.” (Đoạn C)
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Giải thích: Đoạn C đưa ra số liệu cụ thể về thâm niên làm việc (số năm cống hiến liên tục) của nhân viên tại Margaret Mills Corporation.
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17. A reference to the reason why many people-centered workers first start their own businesses — {A}
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Trích dẫn: “Many of these go into business themselves as a result of negative experiences they have had in the workplace.” (Đoạn A)
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Giải thích: Jennifer West giải thích rằng nhiều chủ doanh nghiệp tự khởi nghiệp vì họ từng có những trải nghiệm không tốt (negative experiences) tại nơi làm việc cũ.
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18. A comment about how certain groups are still fighting for respect in the business world — {D}
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Trích dẫn: “Working mothers still need to be taken more seriously, and so do mothers who are business owners.” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Hazel Gibbs đề cập đến việc những người mẹ đi làm hoặc làm chủ doanh nghiệp vẫn chưa được tôn trọng hoặc coi trọng đúng mức (taken seriously).
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Questions 14–18

19. Employees should be kept informed about business developments and performance — {B: Stephen Harper}
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Trích dẫn: “…when his employees receive their salary, they also get an update about the company, including who their new customers are, what successes they’ve had…” (Đoạn B)
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20. Work output increases when employees have a good balance… — {D: Victor Davies}
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Trích dẫn: “We enable employees to maintain equilibrium between work and home, a policy which ultimately results in a more productive and stable workforce.” (Đoạn C)
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Giải thích: “Productive” tương ứng với “work output increases”, và “equilibrium” tương ứng với “balance”.
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21. It is critical to business success that all company members recognise that they matter — {E: Hazel Gibbs}
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Trích dẫn: “…she works hard to ensure that everyone… realizes that they count.” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: “They count” (họ có giá trị/quan trọng) đồng nghĩa với “they matter”.
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List of people

Questions 19–21

22. …dealing with problems such as {gossip} in communal areas…
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Trích dẫn: “This addresses issues like gossip, which employees sometimes indulge in around the water cooler…” (Đoạn B)
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23. The CEO also arranges a regular {seminar} for selected employees…
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Trích dẫn: “His employees line up to attend his monthly invitation-only Business Pragmatics seminar…” (Đoạn B)
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24. …they are allowed to try out the {machines}.
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Trích dẫn: “…kids can experiment with the company’s machines that manufacture their products…” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: “Experiment with” tương ứng với “try out”.
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25. …who can be brought to the office once {school} has finished.
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Trích dẫn: “…allows workers to have their children dropped off when school is over…” (Đoạn C)
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26. …reward employees for company performance with a party or even a {trip} for families.
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Trích dẫn: “…the company took all employees and their families on a 2-day trip to Montreal, Canada.” (Đoạn C)
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Questions 22–26

PASSAGE 2

The Analysis of Fear
Researchers are investigating the processes in the brain that give rise to fear in animals. The results may lead to new ways to treat human anxiety.
Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with frightening situations. They will attempt to placate a vexed teacher or boss and will shout and run when chased by a hostile stranger. But some individuals become me overwhelmed in circumstances others would consider only minimally stressful: fear of ridicule might cause them to shake uncontrollably when called on to speak in a group, or terror of strangers might lead them to hide at home, unable to work or shop for groceries. Why do certain people fall prey to excessive fear?
Ned H. Kalin and Steven E. Shelton at the University of Wisconsin–Madison are addressing this problem by identifying specific brain processes that regulate fear and its associated behaviors. Despite the availability of non-invasive computer-imaging techniques, such information is still extremely difficult to obtain in humans. Hence, they have turned their attention to another primate, the rhesus monkey. These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological developmental stages that humans do, but in a more compressed time span. As we gain more insight into the nature and operation of neural circuits that modulate fear in monkeys, it should be possible to pinpoint the brain processes that cause inordinate anxiety in people, and to devise new therapies to counteract it. Effective interventions would be particularly valuable if they were applied at an early age, as growing evidence suggests overly fearful youngsters are at high risk of later emotional distress.
When they began their studies two decades ago, Kalin and Shelton knew that they would first have to find cues that elicit fear and identify behaviors that reflect different types of anxiety. With such information in hand, they could then proceed to determine the age at which monkeys begin to match defensive behaviors selectively to specific cues. Finally, by determining the parts of the brain that reach maturity during the same time span, they could gain clues to the regions that underlie the regulation of fear and fear-related behavior.
The experiments were carried out at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Kalin and Shelton discerned varied behaviors by exposing monkeys between six and 12 months old to three related situations. In the alone condition, an animal was separated from its mother and left by itself in a cage for ten minutes. In the no-eye-contact condition, a person stood motionless outside the cage and avoided looking at the solitary infant. In the stare condition, a person was again present and motionless but, assuming a neutral expression, peered directly at the animal. These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, or those that human infants meet whenever they are left at a day-care centre.
In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted frequent gentle “coo” calls made with pursed lips. More than 40 years ago it was deduced that when an infant monkey is separated from its mother, it yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the parent. These responses help to draw the mother’s attention. In contrast, in the more frightening no-eye-contact situation, the monkeys reduced their activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods of time. When an infant spots a potential predator, its goal shifts from attracting the mother to becoming inconspicuous. Inhibiting motion and freezing are common attempts to achieve this in many species. If the infant perceives that it has been detected, its aim shifts to warding off an attack. So the stare condition evoked a third set of responses. The monkeys made several hostile gestures: barking (forcing air from the abdomen through the vocal cords to emit a harsh, growl-like sound) and staring back. Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones, such as fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of teeth.
Having identified three categories of defensive behaviours, Kalin and Shelton set about determining when infant monkeys first begin to apply them effectively. Several lines of work had led them to surmise that the ability to make such choices emerges when an infant is around two months old. To establish the critical period of development, they examined four groups of infant monkeys ranging in age up to 12 weeks old. The babies were separated from their mothers, left to acclimatise to a cage, and then exposed to the alone, no-eye-contact and stare conditions. All sessions were videotaped for analysis. They found that the infants in the youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in defensive behaviours, but they lacked some motor control and seemed to act randomly, as if they had not noticed the human beings that were present. Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good motor control, but their actions seemed unrelated to the test condition. Only animals in the oldest group (nine- to 12-week-old) conducted themselves differently in each situation, and their reactions were both appropriate and identical to those of mature monkeys. This finding meant motor control was not the prime determinant of selective responding and that nine to 12 weeks is the critical age for the appearance of a monkey’s ability to adaptively modulate its defensive activity to meet changing demands.

27. In the first paragraph, the writer points out that — {B} most humans develop strategies for dealing with fear.
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Trích dẫn: “Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with frightening situations.” (Đoạn 1)
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Giải thích: “Acquire a range of skills for coping with” tương ứng với “develop strategies for dealing with”.
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28. When discussing the use of rhesus monkeys… — {C} their mental growth resembles that of humans.
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Trích dẫn: “These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological developmental stages that humans do…” (Đoạn 2)
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<li>
Giải thích: “Psychological developmental stages” chính là sự phát triển về tâm thần/trí tuệ (mental growth).
</li>
</ul>
29. Which of the following did Kalin and Shelton outline as the second stage…? — {D} the study of reactions to fear in monkeys of different ages.
<ul data-path-to-node="8">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…they could then proceed to determine the age at which monkeys begin to match defensive behaviors selectively to specific cues.” (Đoạn 3)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Bước thứ hai là xác định độ tuổi mà khỉ bắt đầu có phản ứng phòng vệ có chọn lọc.
</li>
</ul>
30. In the fourth paragraph, the writer notes that the three related situations — {A} reflect common experiences for infant humans and monkeys.
<ul data-path-to-node="10">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, or those that human infants meet whenever they are left at a day-care centre.” (Đoạn 4)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Tác giả so sánh 3 tình huống thí nghiệm với những trải nghiệm đời thường của khỉ ngoài tự nhiên và trẻ em ở nhà trẻ.
</li>
</ul>

Questions 27 – 30

31. Aggressive facial expressions — {C: The stare condition}
<ul data-path-to-node="14">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “The monkeys made several hostile gestures: barking… and staring back.” (Đoạn 5)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Hành động nhìn chằm chằm lại và sủa là biểu cảm hung dữ/tấn công.
</li>
</ul>
32. Prolonged stillness — {B: The no-eye-contact condition}
<ul data-path-to-node="16">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…the monkeys reduced their activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods of time.” (Đoạn 5)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: “Froze” (đứng hình/đông cứng) tương ứng với “stillness”.
</li>
</ul>
33. A combination of contradictory signals — {C: The stare condition}
<ul data-path-to-node="18">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones…” (Đoạn 5)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Việc kết hợp giữa đe dọa (threatening) và phục tùng (submissive) chính là các tín hiệu mâu thuẫn/trái ngược nhau.
</li>
</ul>
34. Appeals for maternal protection — {A: The alone condition}
<ul data-path-to-node="20">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…it yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the parent. These responses help to draw the mother’s attention.” (Đoạn 5)
</li>
</ul>
35. The production of soft sounds — {A: The alone condition}
<ul data-path-to-node="22">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…emitted frequent gentle “coo” calls…” (Đoạn 5)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: “Gentle calls” tương ứng với “soft sounds”.
</li>
</ul>

Questions 31 – 35

36. …grouped the monkeys according to their {age}…
<ul data-path-to-node="26">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…they examined four groups of infant monkeys ranging in age up to 12 weeks old.” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
</ul>
37. …monkeys as young as {two weeks old} reacted to the cues…
<ul data-path-to-node="28">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “They found that the infants in the youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in defensive behaviours…” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
</ul>
38. …they seemed to be unaware of the {human beings} who were around them.
<ul data-path-to-node="30">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…as if they had not noticed the human beings that were present.” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: “Had not noticed” tương ứng với “unaware of”.
</li>
</ul>
39. Despite demonstrating {good motor control}…
<ul data-path-to-node="32">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good motor control…” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
</ul>
40. …reacted in the same way as {mature monkeys}…
<ul data-path-to-node="34">
<li>
Trích dẫn: “…their reactions were both appropriate and identical to those of mature monkeys.” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
</ul>

Reading Test 45

IELTS Reading Exam

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