IELTS PREDICTION TEST

<p class="sub-heading" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Australia’s Airborne Dentists</strong></span></p>
<p>Australians living or traveling in rural and remote areas can face particular difficulties when they need medical care. Hundreds of kilometres from major cities and many hours by road from the closest hospital or clinic, some rural Australians do not have easy access to doctors, nurses and dentists.</p>
<p>Organisations such as the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) have been established to bring health services to outback Australian communities. The RFDS provides free medical care to people who live, work or travel in remote and regional parts of Australia. This non-profit organisation is the oldest and largest airborne health service of its kind in the world, and since 1928 it has used small aircraft to provide health services to some of Australia’s most far-away communities.</p>
<p>In recent years, the RFDS has also started to fly dentists to regional Australia. As well as offering mobile dental clinics, the RFDS offers a range of preventative and educational services. Looking after the teeth of people in remote areas presents special challenges. These include providing care to disparate communities with no established dental facilities, and dealing with higher incidences of other diseases which are linked to, or caused by poor dental health.</p>
<p>People in remote areas have very infrequent visits by health staff. RFDS dentists might only visit a community once every few months, or sometimes once per year. Because of infrequent dentist visits, patients in these areas often need to put up with their dental problems before they can get treatment; consequently, people in remote areas are more likely to have tooth decay (the blackening and deterioration of teeth) and develop gum and other mouth diseases.</p>
<p>In some locations that the RFDS visits, there are no suitable dental facilities, so dentists have to bring everything with them. This includes drills, dentists’ chairs, portable X-ray machines, and computers for keeping track of patients’ treatments. Equipment can weigh up to 100 kilograms, and since the small planes that transport dentists have limited space, dentists cannot always bring everything that they need.</p>
<p>While dentists in town or city centres can specialise in certain types of treatment, RFDS dentists need to be ‘all-rounders’. They need to be able to do all kinds of dental procedures, as they don’t have the ability to refer patients to more specialised dentists. Even with their broad experience, there are some services that are particularly challenging for RFDS dentists. For example, dentures (for artificial teeth) can be very difficult to provide, as they need to be the right shape and size for the patient, and this requires many visits over a long period of time. As a result, it is not practical to make dentures available.</p>
<p>Some chronic illnesses are more common in remote communities than in the rest of Australia. These illnesses can in turn lead to a lowered resistance to infection, including gum and other oral infections. As a result, people in outback Australian communities are more likely to experience oral health problems than city folk, and this poses extra challenges for both the dentists and the doctors of the RFDS.</p>
<p>Because there aren’t a lot of dental services in remote areas, people living in these areas also receive less education about good dental hygiene than their city counterparts do. Australians in very remote communities might not be aware of things that people in cities take for granted, such as the importance of daily tooth brushing. Also, basic dental hygiene items such as toothpaste and toothbrushes can be more expensive in outback areas. Many people are on low incomes, meaning they have extra difficulty affording these products. If this is the case, the RFDS supplies these.</p>
<p>As well as treating patients, RFDS dentists try to focus on preventative oral health and educate their patients on good oral hygiene, such as tooth brushing and flossing. The RFDS also provides mouthguards for young sports players. Playing contact sports, such as rugby league or Australian rules football, can damage young people’s teeth, so mouthguards provide protection which prevents accidental injuries.</p>
<p>Adding fluoride to water supplies has been proven to reduce the incidence of tooth decay in many parts of the world. City dwellers in Australia use water supplies that have been fluoridated, and their rates of tooth decay are lower because of this. In remote areas, it is not practical to fluoridate drinking water supplies, and so people living in these areas are more subject to tooth decay. As a result, it is particularly important that people living in areas without fluoridated water pay special attention to regular brushing of their teeth with fluoridated toothpaste.</p>
<p>Despite many challenges, the RFDS continues to offer much-needed dental and medical support. Its presence in isolated communities greatly improves the quality of dental health, and supports important oral hygiene and health initiatives.</p>

<p data-path-to-node="3"><strong data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">. Many of the RFDS doctors work as volunteers. — {NOT GIVEN}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “This non-profit organisation is the oldest and largest airborne health service…” (Đoạn 2)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc chỉ nói RFDS là tổ chức phi lợi nhuận (<em data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="59">non-profit</em>), nhưng <strong data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="78">không hề đề cập</strong> đến việc các bác sĩ ở đây làm việc tình nguyện hay được trả lương.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="5"><strong data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="0">2. RFDS dentists make trips to outback communities each month. — {FALSE}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “RFDS dentists might only visit a community <strong data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="55">once every few months, or sometimes once per year</strong>.” (Đoạn 4)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc nói họ có thể chỉ đến vài tháng một lần hoặc mỗi năm một lần, không phải là tháng nào cũng đi (<em data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="115">each month</em>).</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="7"><strong data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">3. RFDS dentists are accompanied on their journeys… by a dental nurse. — {NOT GIVEN}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> Không có thông tin trong bài.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc có nhắc đến bác sĩ, y tá và nha sĩ nói chung trong vùng, nhưng <strong data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="83">không nói rõ</strong> liệu khi bay đi làm nhiệm vụ thì nha sĩ có y tá đi kèm hay không.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="9"><strong data-path-to-node="9" data-index-in-node="0">4. RFDS dentists must provide a wide range of dental services. — {TRUE}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “RFDS dentists need to be <strong data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="37">‘all-rounders’</strong>. They need to be able to do <strong data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="80">all kinds of dental procedures</strong>…” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “All-rounders” (người đa năng) và “all kinds of procedures” tương ứng với “a wide range of services”.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="11"><strong data-path-to-node="11" data-index-in-node="0">5. Rural dental patients are more informed about oral hygiene than urban patients. — {FALSE}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="12,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…people living in these areas also <strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="49">receive less education</strong> about good dental hygiene than their <strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="109">city counterparts</strong> do.” (Đoạn 8)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="12,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="12,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Người dân vùng sâu vùng xa nhận được ít giáo dục về vệ sinh răng miệng hơn người dân thành phố, trái ngược với ý “more informed” (hiểu biết hơn).</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="13"><strong data-path-to-node="13" data-index-in-node="0">6. RFDS dentists educate patients about good eating habits. — {NOT GIVEN}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…educate their patients on good oral hygiene, such as <strong data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="68">tooth brushing and flossing</strong>.” (Đoạn 9)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="14,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="14,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc có nói về giáo dục vệ sinh răng miệng (đánh răng, dùng chỉ nha khoa), nhưng <strong data-path-to-node="14,1,0" data-index-in-node="96">không nhắc đến</strong> việc giáo dục về thói quen ăn uống (<em data-path-to-node="14,1,0" data-index-in-node="147">eating habits</em>).</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="15"><strong data-path-to-node="15" data-index-in-node="0">7. Urban Australians generally have better teeth because their water is treated. — {TRUE}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="16,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “City dwellers in Australia use water supplies that have been <strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="73">fluoridated</strong>, and their <strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="96">rates of tooth decay are lower</strong> because of this.” (Đoạn 10)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="16,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="16,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “Treated” ở đây là việc thêm Fluoride vào nước. Việc tỉ lệ sâu răng thấp hơn đồng nghĩa với việc họ có răng tốt hơn.</p>
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Questions 1-7

<p data-path-to-node="19"><strong data-path-to-node="19" data-index-in-node="0">8. …need to bring equipment including {computers} for records.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="20,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…and <strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="19">computers</strong> for keeping track of patients’ treatments.” (Đoạn 5)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="21"><strong data-path-to-node="21" data-index-in-node="0">9. …aircraft used to carry equipment have restricted {space}.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="22,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…since the small planes that transport dentists have <strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="67">limited space</strong>…” (Đoạn 5)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="22,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="22,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “Restricted” đồng nghĩa với “limited”.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="23"><strong data-path-to-node="23" data-index-in-node="0">10. …problems offering some services, e.g., fitting {dentures}.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="24,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “For example, <strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="25">dentures</strong> (for artificial teeth) can be very difficult to provide…” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="25"><strong data-path-to-node="25" data-index-in-node="0">11. If necessary, RFDS provides: {toothpaste} and…</strong> <strong data-path-to-node="25" data-index-in-node="53">12. …{toothbrushes} for regular use.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="26,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="26,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…basic dental hygiene items such as <strong data-path-to-node="26,0,0" data-index-in-node="50">toothpaste</strong> and <strong data-path-to-node="26,0,0" data-index-in-node="65">toothbrushes</strong>… If this is the case, the RFDS supplies these.” (Đoạn 8)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="27"><strong data-path-to-node="27" data-index-in-node="0">13. {mouthguards} to protect teeth of sports players.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="28,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “The RFDS also provides <strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="35">mouthguards</strong> for young sports players.” (Đoạn 9)</p>
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Questions 8-13

PASSAGE 1

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<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>The discovery of a baby mammoth</strong></span></p>
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<p>A near-perfect frozen mammoth offers clues to a great vanished species</p>
<p><strong>A.</strong> On a May morning in 2007, on the Yamal Peninsula in northwestern Siberia, a Nenets reindeer herder named Yuri Khudi stood on a sandbar on the Yuribey River, looking carefully at a diminutive corpse. Although he’d never seen such an animal before, Khudi had seen many mammoth tusks, the thick corkscrew shafts that his people found each summer, and this persuaded him the corpse was a baby mammoth. It was eerily well preserved. Apart from its missing hair and toenails, it was perfectly intact. Khudi realised the find might be significant and he knew he couldn’t just return home and forget all about it. He therefore decided to travel to the small town of Yar Sale to consult an old friend named Kirill Serotetto. His friend took him to meet the director of the local museum, who persuaded the local authorities to fly Khudi and Serotetto back to the Yuribey River to collect the baby mammoth.</p>
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<p><strong>B.</strong> Mammoths became extinct between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago and since the extinctions coincided with the end of the most recent Ice age, many researchers believe that the primary cause of the great die-off was the sharp rise in temperature, which dramatically altered the vegetation. ‘We have strong evidence that the temperature rise played a significant part in their extinction.’ says Adrian Lister, a palaeontologist and mammoth expert at London’s Natural History Museum. ‘In Eurasia, the timing of the two events matches closely.’ The extinctions also coincided, however, with the arrival of modern humans. In addition to exploiting mammoths for food, they used their bones and tusks to make weapons, tools, and even dwellings. Some scientists believe humans were as much to blame as the temperature rise for the great die-off. Some say they caused it.</p>
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<p><strong>C.</strong> The body of the baby mammoth was eventually sent to the st Petersburg Zoological Museum in Russia. Alexei Tikhonov, the museum’s director, was one of the first scientists to view the baby, a female. According to Tikhonov, Khudi had rescued ‘the best preserved mammoth to come down to US from the Ice Age’, and he gratefully named her Lyuba, after Khudi’s wife. Tikhonov knew that no-one would be more excited by the find than Dan Fisher, an American colleague at the University of Michigan who had spent 30 years researching<a href="https://www.ieltsdanang.vn/blog/cach-dung-dong-tu-research-tieng-anh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a>the lives of mammoths. Tikhonov invited Fisher, along with Bernard Buigues, a French mammoth hunter, to come and view the baby mammoth. Fisher and Buigues had examined other specimens together, including infants, but these had been in a relatively poor state. Lyuba was another story entirely, other than the missing hair and toenails, the only flaw in her pristine appearance was a curious dent above the trunk.</p>
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<p><strong>D.</strong> Fisher was particularly excited about one specific part of Lyuba’s anatomy: her milk tusks. Through his career, Fisher has taken hundreds of tusk samples. Most of these came from the Great Lakes region of North America, and his research showed that these animals continued to thrive, despite the late Pleistocene* temperature change. On the other hand, Pleistocene era: the time between roughly 2.6 million years ago and 10.000 years ago to Fisher the tusks often revealed telltale evidence of human hunting. His samples frequently came from animals that had died in the autumn, when they should have been at their peak after summer grazing, and less likely to die of natural causes, but also when humans would have been most eager to stockpile <a href="https://www.ieltsdanang.vn/blog/tu-vung-ideas-topic-vegetarianism-an-chay-ielts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">meat </a>for the coming winter. He has done limited work in Siberia, but his analysis of tusks from Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia, suggests the same conclusion.</p>
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<p><strong>E.</strong> In December 2007, Buigues arranged for the specimen to be transported to Japan to undergo a CT scan by Naoki Suzuki of the Jikei University School of Medicine. The test confirmed her skeleton was undamaged, and her internal organs seemed largely intact. It also showed that the end of her trunk, and her throat, mouth, and windpipe were filled with dense sediment. Six months later, in a laboratory in st Petersburg, Fisher, Buigues, Suzuki, Tikhonov and other colleagues began a three-day series of tests on Lyuba. During these, Fisher noted a dense mix of clay and sand in her trunk, mouth and throat, which had been indicated earlier by the scan. In fact, the sediment in Lyuba’s trunk was packed so tightly that Fisher saw it as a possible explanation for the dent above her trunk. If she was frantically fighting for breath and inhaled convulsively, perhaps a partial vacuum was created in the base of her trunk, which would have flattened surrounding soft tissue. To Fisher, the circumstances of Lyuba’s death were clear: she had asphyxiated. Suzuki, however, proposed a different interpretation, seeing more evidence for drowning than asphyxiation.</p>
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<p><strong>F.</strong> Studies are ongoing, but Lyuba has begun to shed the secrets of her short life and some clues to the fate of her kind. Her good general health was shown in the record of her dental development, a confirmation for Fisher that dental research is useful for evaluating health and thus key to investigating the causes of mammoth extinction. Analysis of her well- preserved DNA has revealed that she belonged to a distinct population of Mammuthus primigenius and that, soon after her time, another population migrating to Siberia from North America would take their place. Finally, Lyuba’s premolars and tusks revealed that she had been born in late spring and was only a month old when she died.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="3"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">14. Similarities between studies of mammoth remains from different parts of the world. — {D}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong><span class=""> “Most of these came from the </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="40">Great Lakes region of North America</strong><span class="">…</span><span class=""> He has done limited work in </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="107">Siberia</strong><span class="">,</span><span class=""> but his analysis of tusks from Wrangel Island…</span><span class=""> suggests the </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="178">same conclusion</strong><span class="">.</span><span class="">“</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong><span class=""> Đoạn D so sánh kết quả nghiên cứu của Dan Fisher tại Bắc Mỹ và Siberia,</span><span class=""> cho thấy chúng đều dẫn đến cùng một kết luận (</span><em class="" data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="130">same conclusion</em><span class="">).</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="5"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="0">15. Details of the uses to which mammoth body parts were put. — {B}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,0,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong><span class=""> “In addition to exploiting mammoths for </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="51">food</strong><span class="">,</span><span class=""> they used their bones and tusks to make </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="97">weapons, tools, and even dwellings</strong><span class="">.</span><span class="">“</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,1,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong><span class=""> Đoạn B liệt kê chi tiết các bộ phận của voi ma mút được con người sử dụng làm thức ăn,</span><span class=""> vũ khí,</span><span class=""> công cụ và nhà ở.</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="7"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">16. A theory that accounts for the damage to Lyuba’s face. — {E}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong><span class=""> “…</span><span class="">Fisher saw it as a possible explanation for the </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="63">dent above her trunk</strong><span class="">.</span><span class=""> If she was frantically fighting for breath…</span><span class=""> a partial vacuum was created…</span><span class=""> which would have </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="180">flattened surrounding soft tissue</strong><span class="">.</span><span class="">“</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong><span class=""> Đoạn E đưa ra giả thuyết của Fisher về việc hít phải bùn cát quá mạnh tạo ra môi trường chân không làm lõm/phẳng phần mô mềm trên mặt (vết lõm trên vòi).</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="9"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="9" data-index-in-node="0">17. An explanation of how an individual was able to identify a small corpse. — {A}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong><span class=""> “Although he’d never seen such an animal before,</span><span class=""> Khudi had seen </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="75">many mammoth tusks</strong><span class="">…</span><span class=""> and this </span><strong class="" data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="106">persuaded him the corpse was a baby mammoth</strong><span class="">.</span><span class="">“</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><strong class="" data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong><span class=""> Đoạn A giải thích nhờ kinh nghiệm nhìn thấy nhiều ngà voi ma mút trước đó mà Yuri Khudi có thể nhận diện được cái xác nhỏ này là voi ma mút.</span></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="11"><strong data-path-to-node="11" data-index-in-node="0">18. A comparison between Lyuba and other young mammoth corpses. — {C}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="12,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “Fisher and Buigues had examined <strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="44">other specimens together, including infants</strong>, but these had been in a <strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="113">relatively poor state</strong>. Lyuba was <strong data-path-to-node="12,0,0" data-index-in-node="146">another story entirely</strong>…”</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="12,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="12,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Đoạn C so sánh Lyuba với các mẫu vật voi con khác, nhấn mạnh rằng Lyuba ở tình trạng bảo quản hoàn hảo hơn hẳn.</p>
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Questions 14-18

<p data-path-to-node="15"><strong data-path-to-node="15" data-index-in-node="0">19. The indications are that mammoths died as a result of climate change. — {C: Adrian Lister}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="16,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “‘We have strong evidence that the <strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="46">temperature rise played a significant part in their extinction</strong>.’ says Adrian Lister…” (Đoạn B)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="17"><strong data-path-to-node="17" data-index-in-node="0">20. Teeth analysis is important in discovering why mammoths died out. — {E: Dan Fisher}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="18,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…a confirmation for Fisher that <strong data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="46">dental research</strong> is useful for evaluating health and thus <strong data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="103">key to investigating the causes of mammoth extinction</strong>.” (Đoạn F)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="19"><strong data-path-to-node="19" data-index-in-node="0">21. The corpse of the baby mammoth is in better condition than any other… — {D: Alexei Tikhonov}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="20,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “According to Tikhonov, Khudi had rescued ‘<strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="54">the best preserved mammoth</strong> to come down to us from the Ice Age’…” (Đoạn C)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="21"><strong data-path-to-node="21" data-index-in-node="0">22. It would be a mistake to ignore the baby mammoth’s discovery… — {A: Yuri Khudi}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="22,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “Khudi realised the find might be significant and <strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="61">he knew he couldn’t just return home and forget all about it</strong>.” (Đoạn A)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="23"><strong data-path-to-node="23" data-index-in-node="0">23. Mammoths often died at a time of year when they should have been in good physical condition. — {E: Dan Fisher}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="24,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “His samples frequently came from animals that had <strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="62">died in the autumn</strong>, when they <strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="92">should have been at their peak</strong> after summer grazing…” (Đoạn D)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="24,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="24,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “At their peak” tương ứng với “good physical condition”.</p>
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List of people

Questions 19-23

<p data-path-to-node="27"><strong data-path-to-node="27" data-index-in-node="0">24. …marked rise in temperature impacted on mammoths by changing the type of {vegetation} available.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="28,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…sharp rise in temperature, which dramatically altered the <strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="73">vegetation</strong>.” (Đoạn B)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="29"><strong data-path-to-node="29" data-index-in-node="0">25. Fisher concluded that many of the mammoth tusks he looked at displayed signs of {human hunting}.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="30,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="30,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…to Fisher the tusks often revealed telltale evidence of <strong data-path-to-node="30,0,0" data-index-in-node="71">human hunting</strong>.” (Đoạn D)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="31"><strong data-path-to-node="31" data-index-in-node="0">26. …the Mammuthus primigenius group she belonged to was replaced by another group that came from {North America}.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="32,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="32,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…another population migrating to Siberia from <strong data-path-to-node="32,0,0" data-index-in-node="60">North America</strong> would take their place.” (Đoạn F)</p>
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Questions 24 - 26

PASSAGE 2

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<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>What makes a musical expert?</strong></span></p>
<p>Does that class of people acknowledged to be musical experts just have more of the same basic skills we are all endowed with, or do they have a set of abilities – or neural structures – that are totally different from those of the rest of US? Are high levels of musical achievement simply the result of training and practice, or are they based on innate brain structure – what we refer to as ‘talent’? Talent can be defined as something that originates in genetic structures and that is identifiable by trained people who can recognize its existence before a person has achieved exceptional levels of performance. The emphasis on early identification means that to investigate it, we study the development of skills in children.</p>
<p>It is evident that some children acquire skills more rapidly than others: the age of onset for walking and talking varies widely, even between children in the same household. There may be genetic factors at work, but these are closely linked with other factors – with a presumably environmental component – such as motivation and family dynamics. Similar factors can influence musical development and can mask the contribution of genetics to musical ability.</p>
<p>Brain studies, so far, haven’t been of much use in sorting out the issues. Gottfried Schlaug at Harvard collected brain scans of individuals with absolute pitch (AP) and showed that a region in the brain called the planum temporale is larger in these people than in others. This suggests that the planum is involved in AP, but it’s not clear if it starts out larger in people who eventually acquire AP, or if the acquisition of AP makes the planum increase in size.</p>
<p>Results of research into the areas of the brain involved in skilled motor movement are more conclusive. Studies of violin players have shown that the region of the brain responsible for controlling the movement of the left hand (the hand that requires greater precision in violin playing) increases in size as a result of practice. We do not know yet if the propensity for increase pre-exists in some-peopled not others<br>The evidence against talent comes from research on how much training the experts do. Like experts in mathematics, chess, or sports, experts in music require lengthy periods of instruction and practice. In several studies, the very best music students were found to have practiced more than twice as much as the others. In another study, students were secretly divided into two groups based on teachers’ perceptions of their talent. Several years later, it was found that the students who achieved the highest performance ratings had practiced the most, irrespective of which ‘talent’ group they had been assigned to, suggesting that practice does not merely correlate with achievement, but causes it.</p>
<p>Anders Ericsson, at Florida state University, approaches the topic of musical expertise as a general problem in cognitive psychology. He takes as a starting point the assumption that there are certain issues involved in becoming an expert at anything; that we can learn about musical expertise by studying expert chess players, athletes, artists, mathematicians, as well as the musicians themselves. The emerging picture from such studies is that ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the level of mastery associated with being a world-class expert – in anything. In study after study, of composers, ice skaters, concert pianists, chess players and master criminals, this number comes up again and again. Someone would do this amount of practice if they practiced, for example, roughly 20 hours a week for ten years. Of course, this does not address why some people do not seem to get anywhere when they practice, and why some people get more out of their practice sessions than others. But no-one has yet found a case in which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time. It seems that it takes the brain this long to assimilate all that it needs to know to achieve true mastery</p>
<p>The ten-thousand-hour theory is consistent with what we know about how the brain learns. Learning requires the assimilation and consolidation of information in neural tissue. The more experiences we have with something, the stronger the memory/learning trace for that experience becomes. Although people differ in how long it takes them to consolidate information neutrally, it remains true that increased practice leads to a greater number of neural traces, which create stronger memory representation.</p>
<p>The classic rebuttal to this theory goes something like this: ‘What about Mozart? I hear that he composed his first symphony at the age of four!’ First, there is a factual error here: Mozart did not write it until he was eight, still, this is unusual, to say the least. However, this early work received little acclaim and was not performed very often. In fact, the only reason we know about it is because the child who wrote it grew up to become Mozart. And Mozart had an expert teacher in his father, who was renowned as a teacher of musicians all over Europe. We do not know how much Mozart practiced, but if he started at age two and worked thirty- two hours a week (quite possible, given that his father was a stern taskmaster) he would have made his ten thousand hours by the time he composed his first symphony. This does not mean that there are no genetic factors involved in Mozart’s greatness, but that inborn traits may not be the only cause.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="3"><strong data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">27. In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that a musician who is ‘talented’ is someone — {C} who can perform extremely well in early childhood.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “The emphasis on <strong data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="28">early identification</strong> means that to investigate it, we study the <strong data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="92">development of skills in children</strong>.” (Đoạn 1)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Định nghĩa về tài năng trong bài nhấn mạnh vào việc nhận diện sớm ở trẻ em trước khi đạt trình độ xuất sắc, tức là có biểu hiện vượt trội ngay từ nhỏ.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="5"><strong data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="0">28. According to the writer, what is unclear about the findings of Gottfried Schlaug? — {C} Whether a feature of the brain is a cause or an effect of a musical skill.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…it’s <strong data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="20">not clear if it starts out larger</strong> in people who eventually acquire AP, or if the <strong data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="101">acquisition of AP makes the planum increase in size</strong>.” (Đoạn 3)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="6,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Nghiên cứu thấy vùng <em data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="33">planum temporale</em> lớn hơn ở người có cao độ tuyệt đối (AP), nhưng không rõ đó là do bẩm sinh (nguyên nhân – cause) hay do luyện tập mà thành (kết quả – effect).</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="7"><strong data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">29. According to the writer, what has been established by studies of violin players? — {A} Changes may occur in the brain following violin practice.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…the region of the brain… <strong data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="42">increases in size as a result of practice</strong>.” (Đoạn 4)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Nghiên cứu khẳng định vùng não điều khiển tay trái của người chơi violin to lên nhờ quá trình luyện tập.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="9"><strong data-path-to-node="9" data-index-in-node="0">30. According to the writer, findings on the amount of practice done by expert musicians suggest that — {A} talent may have little to do with expertise.</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…students who achieved the highest performance ratings had practiced the most, <strong data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="93">irrespective of which ‘talent’ group</strong> they had been assigned to…” (Đoạn 5)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Kết quả cho thấy những người giỏi nhất là những người tập nhiều nhất, bất kể ban đầu họ được đánh giá là có “tài năng” hay không. Điều này ngụ ý tài năng ít có mối liên hệ với trình độ chuyên gia so với nỗ lực.</p>
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Questions 27-30

<p data-path-to-node="13"><strong data-path-to-node="13" data-index-in-node="0">31. Anders Ericsson’s work… has influenced other researchers. — {NOT GIVEN}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc nhắc đến lý thuyết và cách tiếp cận của Ericsson, nhưng <strong data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="76">không đề cập</strong> đến việc ông có ảnh hưởng đến các nhà nghiên cứu khác hay không.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="15"><strong data-path-to-node="15" data-index-in-node="0">32. Different areas of expertise seem to have one specific thing in common. — {YES}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="16,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the level of mastery… in <strong data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="96">anything</strong>.” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="16,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="16,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Điểm chung duy nhất của mọi lĩnh vực chuyên gia (cờ vua, thể thao, âm nhạc…) chính là con số 10.000 giờ luyện tập.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="17"><strong data-path-to-node="17" data-index-in-node="0">33. In order to be useful, practice must be carried out regularly every day. — {NOT GIVEN}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="18,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…roughly 20 hours a week for ten years.” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="18,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="18,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Bài đọc đưa ra con số trung bình theo tuần, nhưng <strong data-path-to-node="18,1,0" data-index-in-node="62">không bắt buộc</strong> là phải tập luyện đều đặn “mọi ngày” (every day).</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="19"><strong data-path-to-node="19" data-index-in-node="0">34. Anyone who practices for long enough can reach the level of a world-class expert. — {NO}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="20,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…this does not address why <strong data-path-to-node="20,0,0" data-index-in-node="41">some people do not seem to get anywhere when they practice</strong>…” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="20,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="20,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Tác giả thừa nhận có những người tập mãi mà không đi đến đâu, nên việc nói “bất cứ ai” (anyone) tập đủ lâu cũng thành chuyên gia là sai so với quan điểm bài viết.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="21"><strong data-path-to-node="21" data-index-in-node="0">35. Occasionally, someone can become an expert… with fewer than 10,000 hours’ practice. — {NO}</strong></p>
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<p data-path-to-node="22,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “But <strong data-path-to-node="22,0,0" data-index-in-node="16">no-one has yet found a case</strong> in which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time.” (Đoạn 6)</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="22,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="22,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Chưa có trường hợp nào được tìm thấy mà thành chuyên gia thế giới với ít thời gian hơn 10.000 giờ.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="23"><strong data-path-to-node="23" data-index-in-node="0">36. Existing knowledge of learning and cognitive skills supports the importance of practice. — {YES}</strong></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="24">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="24,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “The ten-thousand-hour theory is <strong data-path-to-node="24,0,0" data-index-in-node="44">consistent with what we know about how the brain learns</strong>.” (Đoạn 7)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="24,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="24,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> Lý thuyết này nhất quán (consistent) với những hiểu biết hiện tại về cách não bộ học tập.</p>
</li>
</ul>

Question 31-36

<p data-path-to-node="27"><strong data-path-to-node="27" data-index-in-node="0">37. Mozart received a lot of {tuition} from his father.</strong></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="28">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="28,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…Mozart had an <strong data-path-to-node="28,0,0" data-index-in-node="29">expert teacher</strong> in his father…” (Đoạn cuối)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="28,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="28,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> <em data-path-to-node="28,1,0" data-index-in-node="12">Tuition</em> (sự giảng dạy) tương ứng với việc có một người thầy giỏi dạy dỗ.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-path-to-node="29"><strong data-path-to-node="29" data-index-in-node="0">38. …the symphony he wrote at the age of {eight}…</strong></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="30">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="30,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="30,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “Mozart did not write it until he was <strong data-path-to-node="30,0,0" data-index-in-node="49">eight</strong>…” (Đoạn cuối)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-path-to-node="31"><strong data-path-to-node="31" data-index-in-node="0">39. …was not {popular} and may be of only academic interest.</strong></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="32">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="32,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="32,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…this early work <strong data-path-to-node="32,0,0" data-index-in-node="31">received little acclaim and was not performed very often</strong>.” (Đoạn cuối)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="32,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="32,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “Little acclaim” (ít được hoan nghênh) đồng nghĩa với việc nó không hề phổ biến hay nổi tiếng.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-path-to-node="33"><strong data-path-to-node="33" data-index-in-node="0">40. …expertise is not solely the result of {inherited} characteristics.</strong></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="34">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="34,0,0"><strong data-path-to-node="34,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Trích dẫn:</strong> “…inborn traits may not be the only cause.” (Đoạn cuối)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="34,1,0"><strong data-path-to-node="34,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Giải thích:</strong> “Inherited characteristics” (đặc điểm di truyền) tương ứng với “inborn traits” (phẩm chất bẩm sinh).</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Mozart</strong></span></p>
<p>The case of Mozart could be quoted as evidence against the 10,000-hour-practice theory. However, the writer points out that the young Mozart received a lot of {tuition} from his father, and that the symphony he wrote at the age of {eight} was not {popular} and may be of only academic interest. The case therefore supports the view that expertise is not solely the result of {inherited} characteristics.</p>

Reading Test 44

IELTS Reading Exam

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